Greska's C60 : 2 droppers / 2 daily
Source = https://www.c-60.com/buy-now/
Algal Omega 3 Fish Oil : 1200 mg DHA, 600 mg EPA / 2x daily
Source = https://www.performancelab.com/products/omega-3
Liposomal Vitamin C : 5g / 2x daily
Source = https://www.quicksilverscientific.com/all-products/liposomal-vitamin-c/
Phosphatidylserine : 200 mg / 2x daily
Source = https://nootropicsdepot.com/smart-ps-phosphatide-complex-softgel-capsules-100mg-phosphatidylserine/
Piracetam : 4800 mg / 2x daily
Source = Basically Unavailable
Pycnogenol : 100 mg / 2x daily
Source = https://vivanaturals.com/products/pycnogenol
Curcumin : 400 mg / 2x daily
Black Cumin Seed Oil : 400 mg / 2x daily
Ginger Root Extract : 100 mg / 2x daily
AstraGin : 50 mg / 2x daily
Source = https://smarternutrition.com/collections/all/products/curcumin?variant=18510301069409
Qualia Mind : Full dose daily (5 days on, 2 days off)
Source = https://neurohacker.com/shop/qualia-mind
Contains :
Vitamin C:100 mg
Vitamin D3 : 25 mcg (1,000 IU)
Thiamine : 50 mg
Niacin : 50 mg
Vitamin B6 : 20 mg
Vitamin B12 : 1000 mcg
Pantothenic Acid : 50 mg
Acetyl-L-Carnitine : 500 mg
Artichoke Leaf Extract : 500 mg
Bacopa monnieri Leaf Extract : 300 mg
Rhodiola rosea Root Extract : 300 mg
Phenylalanine : 300 mg
Uridine : 250 mg
N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine : 250 mg
Taurine : 200 mg
L-Theanine : 200 mg
Alpha GPC : 200 mg
CDP Choline : 150 mg
Organic Coffeeberry® ( 90 mg caffeine) Whole Coffee (Coffea arabica) Fruit Extract : 129 mg
Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens) Seed Extract : 100 mg
Phosphatidylserine (from sunflower lecithin) : 100 mg
Theobromine : 100 mg
DHA (as Docosahexaenoic Acid from Algae) : 80 mg
Celastrus paniculatus Seed Extract : 60 mg
Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract : 50 mg
Coleus forskohlii Root Extract : 20 mg
PQQ : 10 mg
Huperzia serrata Leaf Extract : 5 mg
Oxiracetam : 750 mg /2x daily
Source = https://www.intellimeds.net/oxiracetam
9 Me BC : 10 mg daily
Source = Haven't searched for a new source since Science Bio shutdown.
Bromantane : 30 mg sublingually daily
Source = Haven't searched for a new source since Science Bio shutdown.
Library of Information
Greska's C60 :
The most important bio-foundational molecule in the world for longevity.
“Carbon 60” (C60) is a naturally-occurring, nano-size, molecular form of Carbon. It is found in Deep Space, as well as in the Earth’s environment, forming spontaneously from carbon atoms under certain conditions. Lightning strikes, volcanos, meteors and soot from candle burning are all sources of spontaneous, naturally-occurring C60 on our planet. Along with Hydrogen and Oxygen, Carbon is one of the 3 foundational “biogenic” elements of all living organisms.
More than simply a “nano sphere” of carbon, C60’s unique molecular arrangement of 60 carbon atoms, in the form of a truncated Icosahedron with Golden Mean (“Phi”) ratio, classifies it as a distinct “allotrope” of Carbon. It is this distinct molecular arrangement of carbon atoms that gives C60 its extraordinary physical, chemical, electromagnetic and quantum properties. And it is the synergistic combination of all 4 of these properties that have been shown to exert profoundly regenerative and regulatory effects in biological systems.
Unlike many engineered nanoparticles which can be toxic, C60, being a form of elemental Carbon, is different. Due to the fact that living organisms, being carbon-based, have evolved alongside this molecule, they have developed ways of utilizing it, exploiting it and biodegrading it with little to no toxicity.
Hence, in its pure form, it does not have the risk of accumulating in tissues and organs the way other engineered nano-size particles of other elements can. Unfortunately, the large-scale production methods developed to produce C60 for research and industrial purposes over the past 30 years have relied on methods that unavoidably introduce impurities, solvent residues, and defects into the final product.
These C60’s are neither consistently nor uniformly non-toxic, a fact which is reflected in the adverse outcomes of many biological studies that have used these C60’s to examine their effects in living organisms. On the occasions where exceptionally pure and pristine molecules of C60 can be obtained and utilized (i.e., the C60 molecules akin to those found in nature, unaltered in their size, shape and surface charge), the C60 molecule’s protective and rejuvenative effects in living organisms are astonishing.
Research in the field of biomolecular and nanotechnology has repeatedly shown that when it comes to nano-size molecules, it is the purity, size, shape and surface charge of those molecules that determine their biological effects. These features take on even greater significance when factoring in a nano-size molecule’s quantum effect, as ALL subcellular biomolecular processes occur thru electromagnetic fields before they are translated into chemical reactions. Greska’s C-60’s completely solvent-free production method, from start to finish, has achieved just that: C60 as nature intended it.
C60 Electrons for Cellular Voltage
Life can be described as the “flow of electrons”, and living organisms depend on a constant supply of electrons to generate ATP, the body’s energy currency. A deficiency or stoppage in the flow of electrons ultimately results in cellular degeneration and death. Although living organisms have many sources for acquiring electrons, the toxicities and stresses of modern living create situations where we lose more electrons than we gain.
See Jerry Tennant MD’s work, Healing is Voltage, 2010
Source : https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Voltage-Handbook-Jerry-Tennant/dp/1453649166
A deficiency of electrons results in low cellular voltage (similar to a low battery), a low pH, and a low Oxygen level within the cell, all of which creates an energetic crisis. Initially this is experienced as fatigue, chronic pain, and increased susceptibility to infections. Once enough cells have been compromised, degeneration and malfunctions of various organs and issues begin to manifest.
Fortunately, there are many strategies nowadays to bring electrons back into the body and restore cellular voltage. C60 is a very rich source of electrons. With Carbon (graphite) being the most cathodic element on the Galvanic Table, C60 generates an abundance of electrons when in the presence of any anodic element, the most anodic being Magnesium.
An abundance of electrons can then raise the pH of a cell, increasing its voltage, similar to the way a battery is charged. The higher the pH of a cell, the more oxygen it is able to absorb. With more oxygen present, the cell is then able to produce ATP thru oxidative phosphorylation, as opposed to the primitive and inefficient “default” pathway of “glycolysis” (i.e., fermentation) when oxygen is not present. Cells that have reverted to producing ATP thru glycolysis generate very little ATP and high amounts of Lactic Acid. This is akin to a poorly running car that uses a lot of gas, but has poor gas mileage and produces high amounts of exhaust in the process. This low ATP, low oxygen, high acid environment is polluting to the cell. Pain, fatigue, brain fog, fungal and other microbial infections are hallmarks of toxicity on a cellular level. When cellular voltage and pH is restored, oxygen becomes available, energy production improves, nutrients flow in and waste flows out, and the cell has the right conditions to begin healing itself.
The Quantum Effect of C60
A single C60 molecule is approximately 1 nanometer in size. Molecules in the nanoscale size range are exceptionally powerful in biological systems due to their ability to disperse widely throughout the body, more or less uninhibited, right down to the subcellular level. Their smallness of size also dramatically increases their surface-to-volume ratio, offering more reaction sites and thus, more reactivity. But perhaps the most unique characteristic of nano-size molecules is that pertaining to their “quantum” effect. Molecules on the nanoscale have what is known as “wave-particle duality”, which means they have both physical properties and vibrational properties. This is significant, as ALL molecular biology takes place on the nanoscale, with information traveling first as a wave form, or “vibrational frequency”, and secondly as a physiochemical reaction. This is also why the 3D shape and size of a nano molecule is critical.
Perhaps one of the most intriguing and compelling theories for C60’s beneficial effects in biological systems is the quantum effect of its vibrational frequency. As an Icosahedron and one of Nature’s 5 Platonic Solids incorporating the Golden Mean Ratio (aka “Phi)”, the electromagnetic frequency of C60’s vibration has a highly resonant and harmonizing effect on living systems. Such vibrations from solids incorporating the Golden Mean Ratio, particularly those with the 5-fold and 6-fold symmetry of pentagons and hexagons, impart an “ordering” effect on adjacent water molecules, and induce “coherence”. Of the 5 Platonic Solids, it is not entirely coincidental that the Icosahedron represents the earth element Water.
As living organisms are mostly water, and most cellular signaling occurs thru the medium of Water, this “coherence” allows the body’s physiological processes to unfold with the timing, order and precision needed for optimal DNA expression, repair, transcription, protein unfolding, cell division and apoptosis. In fact, nowadays, one criterion used to evaluate any solid nanomaterial being considered for biological implantation is its 3D structure and geometry. Not coincidentally, research in the field of bio-nanotechnology has shown that molecules incorporating the Golden Mean Ratio in their structure, such as C60, are exceptionally biocompatible within living systems.
The fact that the C60 molecule bears the same pentagonal and hexagonal structure as the body’s transporter protein known as “clathrin” is of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industry as well. With its shape and symmetry quite literally a “carbon copy” of this innate, self-assembling biomolecule, C60 is very attractive candidate for targeted drug delivery.
C60 Antioxidant Potential
The most touted beneficial property of Carbon 60 in biological systems is its ability to attenuate oxidative stress, especially at the level of the mitochondria, where the majority of “free radicals” ROS, aka Reactive Oxygen Species) are generated during the production of ATP.
Free radicals are molecules in your body, missing an electron. These electron-deficient molecules do not work properly and impair healthy bodily functions by stealing electrons from neighboring healthy cells.
Greska’s Carbon-60 provide electrons that stimulate an antioxidant response within your cells to stabilize damaging free radicals and neutralize toxins, halting the damaging chain reaction of oxidative stress.
These C60 molecules are small enough to pass thru cellular membranes to work at the mitochondrial level.
This unique ability allows mitigation of damage from the ROS cascade right at their source… reducing an organism’s overall burden of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions.
More significantly, Carbon-60 is a more “intelligent” antioxidant than excessive amounts of vitamins C or E, in that C60 maintains a healthy “redox balance” thru “charge disproportionation” (aka “dismutation” thru the delocalized electrons in its lattice structure. In this way, Carbon 60 performs better as an antioxidant due to its ability to optimize a cell’s “redox” reactions.
Although purely theoretical at this time, a number of computational studies suggest C60’s antioxidant effect may be due to the molecule’s ability to act as a mild “mitochondrial uncoupler.” This theory proposes that C60 can acquire a positive charge by becoming protonated with Hydrogen (H+) ions, enabling it to translocate across the mitochondrial membrane, favorably affecting the transmembrane potential, reducing the leakage of electrons along the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), and ultimately minimizing the production of ROS.
Alternatively, several in-vitro studies, as well as live mouse studies, have demonstrated the ability of a carboxylated derivative of C60 to act as a Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) mimetic, catalyzing the highly reactive Superoxide radical to the less toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or molecular oxygen (O2). More recent studies have shown that C60 may be a mild cellular stressor (much like resveratrol, curcumin, and green tea polyphenols), exerting its beneficial effects by activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.
Mitochondrial Activity
According to our model fullerene C60 accumulating in mitochondria provides high radical scavenging activity in this subcellular compartment, called by Skulachev the “dirtiest place in the cell”. Another effective antioxidant mechanism is based on mild uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. Respiratory chain obtains electrons from NADH and succinate. They are used for harmless four-electron reduction of oxygen. But the transfer of one or two electrons could produce the radicals that are dangerous to cells (such as superoxide or peroxide anions).
The proposed ability of C60 fullerenes to acquire positive charge allows ascribing them to the mitochondrial-targeted compounds. The key role of mitochondria in the cellular regulation makes such “charge-loaded” fullerenes be of great interest along the route for novel classes of drugs development.
The Research & Science of Carbon 60
The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60]fullerene :
Abstract = Countless studies showed that [60]fullerene (C(60)) and derivatives could have many potential biomedical applications. However, while several independent research groups showed that C(60) has no acute or sub-acute toxicity in various experimental models, more than 25 years after its discovery the in vivo fate and the chronic effects of this fullerene remain unknown. If the potential of C(60) and derivatives in the biomedical field have to be fulfilled these issues must be addressed. Here we show that oral administration of C(60) dissolved in olive oil (0.8 mg/ml) at reiterated doses (1.7 mg/kg of body weight) to rats not only does not entail chronic toxicity but it almost doubles their lifespan. The effects of C(60)-olive oil solutions in an experimental model of CCl(4) intoxication in rat strongly suggest that the effect on lifespan is mainly due to the attenuation of age-associated increases in oxidative stress. Pharmacokinetic studies show that dissolved C(60) is absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract and eliminated in a few tens of hours. These results of importance in the fields of medicine and toxicology should open the way for the many possible -and waited for- biomedical applications of C(60) including cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disorders, and ageing.
Source = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816026/
Possible Mechanisms of Fullerene C60 Antioxidant Action :
Abstract = Novel mechanism of antioxidant activity of buckminsterfullerene C60 based on protons absorbing and mild uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation was postulated. In the present study we confirm this hypothesis using computer modeling based on Density Functional Theory. Fullerene's geroprotective activity is sufficiently higher than those of the most powerful reactive oxygen species scavengers. We propose here that C60 has an ability to acquire positive charge by absorbing inside several protons and this complex could penetrate into mitochondria. Such a process allows for mild uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. This, in turn, leads to the decrease in ROS production.
We propose that there is an additional mechanism involved in fullerene anti-aging activity. Respiratory chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane is the main source of superoxide anion radicals, which lead to a cascade of other toxic ROS. In this connection mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants like lipophilic cations (Skulachev ions) with antioxidant load are the most effective antiaging agents (geroprotectors) among synthetic compounds.
Accumulation of Skulachev ions in the mitochondria is based on the transmembrane potential difference generated as a result of electron transport chain activity. The outer side of inner membrane of mitochondria has positive charge and the inner side has negative charge. So, lipophilic cations are concentrating in mitochondria via electric field forces. The lipophilic properties of fullerene C60 are well known. In addition, Wong-Ekkabut et al. showed using molecular dynamics simulations that C60 fullerene is capable of penetrating into membrane and accumulates in the middle of lipid bilayer. However, the simulation does not consider the possible presence of fullerene and/or membrane charge. We suppose that fullerene is capable of absorbing protons and obtaining positive charge, which allows it to be delivered into the mitochondria. Thus, superoxide anion-radical generation is decreased by mild uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. In the present study we perform theoretical analysis of the fullerene C60 ability to acquire positive charge and to absorb protons to prove that the proposed mechanism indeed may take place.
Simulations allowed us to propose the following mechanism. C60 fullerene molecules enter the space between inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, where the excess of protons has been formed by diffusion. In this compartment fullerenes are loaded with protons and acquire positive charge distributed over their surface. Such “charge-loaded” particles can be transferred through the inner membrane of the mitochondria due to the potential difference generated by the inner membrane, using electrochemical mechanism described in detail by Skulachev et al. In this case the transmembrane potential is reduced, which in turn significantly reduces the intensity of superoxide anion-radical production.
Source = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816026/
Carbon 60 Enhances Immune Function :
Abstract = These results suggest that the polyhydroxylated fullerene derivative C(60)(OH)(24) protects against ionizing-radiation-induced mortality, possibly by enhancing immune function, decreasing oxidative damage and improving mitochondrial function. Read More.
Carbon 60 as novel treatment agent in Dermatology :
Abstract = Novel treatment agents with the ability to scavenge or generate radicals can potentially be meaningful in the treatment of various skin diseases, especially for those diseases that have limited effective treatment options. This viewpoint essay will discuss the potential of fullerene C60, i.e. buckminsterfullerene, derivatives as novel treatment agents in dermatology. Read More.
Anti-Influenza Activity of Carbon 60 :
Abstract = The activity of nanocarbon fullerene lipidosome (NCFL) against influenza virus H1N1 in vitro was studied. There was a dose-activity relationship between the dosages of NCFL and the direct killing effect against the influenza virus, and the periods of lighting-time could influence the activity partly. It was concluded that NCFL had a significant activity of directly killing the influenza virus. Read More.
Abstract = In a cell culture system, we found that several fullerene derivatives inhibit influenza A viral infection and the expression of influenza A nucleoprotein and nonstructural protein 1. These results indicate that fullerene derivatives are possible candidates for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs. Read More.
Anti-Influenza Activity of C60 Inhibit Viruses : Abstract = Fullerenes (C60) and their derivatives have potential antiviral activity, which has strong implications on the treatment of HIV-infection. The antiviral activity of fullerene derivatives is based on several biological properties including their unique molecular architecture and antioxidant activity. Read More.
Carbon 60 Knocks Out Viruses :
Abstract = Scientists from the Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology and the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS in collaboration with researchers from four other Russian and foreign research centers have discovered a new reaction that helps obtain water-soluble fullerene derivatives which effectively combat flu viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Read More
C60 Inhibits Viruses :
Abstract = Results of previous studies point to the great dependance of fullerenes activity upon quality, quantity and geometry of substituents in fullerene derivatives. Some of fullerene derivatives show antiviral and antimicrobial activity, including anti-HIV properties. C60 and its derivatives are able to exhibit cytotoxic and enzyme-inhibiting abilities as well as radical-quenching and antioxidative abilities. Generation of reactive oxygen species under influence of visible light is another ability of fullerene derivetives desired in photodynamic therapy. Read More.
Carbon 60 Inhibits Influenza A :
Abstract = Furthermore, carboxyfullerene was able to directly inhibit in vitro growth of S. pyogenes. These data suggest that carboxyfullerene can be considered an antimicrobial agent for group A streptococcus infection. Read More
C60 Effective against wrinkles :
Abstract: To experimentally prove the effectiveness of fullerene/squalane, an 8-week double-blind clinical test was conducted on 23 female volunteers aged between 30 and 40 years according to the Japanese guidelines for the evaluation of antiwrinkle creams…Thus, fullerene/squalane can be used for antiwrinkle treatment, and fullerene may be useful for care after antiwrinkle LASER treatment. READ MORE
Anti-Aging Effects of C60 :
Abstract = Here we review fullerenes biological effects focusing on their antioxidant and anti-ageing action. A scope of various poisonous and healing properties reported in literature for fullerene and its derivatives is analyzed. Read More
Carbon 60 Can Prevent UV Damage :
Abstract = C60 was not detected in the dermis by HPLC, suggesting no necessity for considering a toxicity of C60 due to systemic circulation via dermal veins. Thus Lpsm-Flln has a potential to be safely utilized as a cosmetic anti-oxidative ingredient for UVA-protection. READ MORE
C60 prevents Degeneration of Articular Cartilage in Osteoarthritis :
Abstract = In rabbits with OA, treatment with water-soluble C60 significantly reduced articular cartilage degeneration, whereas control knee joints showed progression of cartilage degeneration with time. This inhibitory effect was dose-dependent, and was superior to that of HA. Combined treatment with C60 and HA yielded a significant reduction in cartilage degeneration compared with either treatment alone. Conclusion: The results indicate that C60 fullerene is a potential therapeutic agent for the protection of articular cartilage against the progression of OA. READ MORE
Carbon 60 Suppress Inflammatory Response :
Abstract = Fullerene has been characterized as a “free radical sponge”, with an anti-oxidative efficacy of several hundred-fold higher than conventional antioxidant. Fullerene and its derivatives were found to be in many biological applications: inhibition of nitric oxide formation by suppressing nitric oxide synthase, prevention of ischemia-induced injuries in brain, inactivation of viruses and prevention of quartz-induced neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs. Furthermore, a Japanese group showed that a water-soluble fullerene prevented the development of cartilage degeneration and arthritis with no detectable toxicity when intraarticularly injected into rabbits of an osteoarthritis model. READ MORE
Carbon 60 effect on Blood Cells :
Phosphatidylserine :
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid that is a major component of cell membranes, making it a highly valuable nutrient for supporting cognitive function. Without sufficient levels of phosphatidylserine, brain cells may not transmit nerve impulses properly.
promotes cognitive function
supports feelings of well being
supports energy
promotes healthy sleep habits
Phosphatidylserine vs Phosphatidylcholine
As phospholipids, both Phosphatidylserine (PS) and Phosphatidylcholine (PC) are major components of cell membranes. However, unlike phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine has very limited value in improving mental function. Why? Weak bioavailability. As a nutritional supplement, Phosphatidylcholine is hoarded by the liver. As a result, hardly any of it actually makes it to the brain. Phosphatidylserine, on the other hand, is a modified form of phosphatidylcholine that does get to the brain, making it a highly valuable nutrient for enhancing cognitive function.
What is Phosphatidylcholine?
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid with two fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone and are a major component of cell membranes. It is found in the highest concentrations within the liver and the brain. Phosphatidylcholine benefits are derived from the fact that it is a choline source and that a phosphatidylcholine supplement may enhance the production of acetylcholine in neurons, which ultimately promotes cognitive function. Yet, Phosphatidylcholine benefits are hard to achieve due to its poor bioavailability. Phosphatidylcholine benefits were noted in a trial aiming to reduce localized fat relative to baseline data. However this was only achieved through injection and results were inconsistent. Membrane mediated cell signaling and phosphatidylcholine transfer protein activation is believed to be the bulk of phosphatidylcholine function.
Algal Omega 3 Fish Oil :
Enhances cell membrane structure and function for healthy whole-body performance
Maintains healthy brain, eye and nervous system performance
Supports heart health, circulation and overall cardiovascular performance
Supports protein synthesis, muscle preservation and muscle recovery
Optimal 2:1 DHA to EPA ratio associated with balanced immune responses
Supplies natural triglyceride Omega-3s; 70% more absorbable than synthetic ethyl esters
Omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are long-chain molecules that support cell membrane flexibility, permeability and function.
Barrier performance : Cell membranes maintain selective permeability – allowing beneficial substances into cells while keeping harmful substances out
Cell-to-cell communication : Cell membrane surfaces interact with their environment, including sending and receiving neurotransmitter and hormone signals
Immune modulation : Cell membranes help form and manage the signaling compounds and enzymes that regulate the body’s immune responses
Backed by 31,000+ research studies, Omega-3s are among the most effective and evidence-based nutrients you can consume for overall health and performance.
Nervous System :
Omega-3s, especially DHA, support cell membrane formation, repair and function throughout the nervous system. Most research centers on benefits for the brain and eyes, where DHA is highly concentrated.
Brain Health :
Research suggests higher Omega-3 intake and blood levels may be linked to :
Improved attention, processing speed and recall
Enhanced brain health and mental performance
Bright and balanced mood in adults who consume a high intake of DHA-rich fish
Eye Health :
Omega-3s are building-blocks for eye development. Researchers have suggested that DHA may help to :
Protect the retina and improve outlook on age-related macular health
Maintain function of rhodopsin, a compound that enables low-light vision
Ease dry eye discomfort by supporting tear film integrity and soothing tear gland irritation
Cardiovascular System :
Omega-3s are among the most evidence-backed nutrients for supporting heart health and overall cardiovascular performance. Researchers have suggested DHA+EPA may help to :
Enhance heart rhythm stability, circulation and blood vessel flexibility
Maintain blood triglyceride levels that are already within normal range
Maintain blood pressure levels that are already within normal range
Supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of CHD (coronary heart disease), reduce blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension, a risk factor for CHD (coronary heart disease).
Musculoskeletal System :
Athletes take Omega-3s with good reason: Evidence suggests that Omega-3s – especially EPA – may have pro-anabolic/anti-catabolic properties in muscle. Researchers suggest Omega-3s :
Stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS); preserve muscle and body composition
Improve well-trained athletes’ neuromuscular function and resistance to fatigue
Reduce exercise-induced muscle damage and soreness when taken after exercise
Omega-3s may also support joints and bones. Researchers suggest Omega-3s may help to soothe stiffness and discomfort in those with joint concerns, as well as maintaining bone mineral density.
Vitamin C :
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid/ascorbate, is a vitamin naturally found in a wide variety of fruit and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit (orange, grapefruit), peppers, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and strawberries, for example. Vitamin C is an essential vitamin because, unlike most animals, the human body is unable to synthesize vitamin C and must therefore obtain it from the diet. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant and plays an important role in cellular antioxidant defenses. Vitamin C, in the form of ascorbate, is also a co-substrate for enzymes needed to produce collagen, carnitine, and the neurotransmitter dopamine.
VITAMIN C KEY MECHANISMS
Free radical scavenger
Counters oxidative stress and oxidative cellular damage
Supports brain function and cognition
Supports memory and learning
Supports L-DOPA synthesis
Cofactor for dopamine-β-hydroxylase (which converts dopamine to noradrenaline)
Supports dopamine signaling
Supports noradrenaline signaling
Influences glutamate signaling
Influences serotonin (5-HT) signaling
Supports acetylcholine signaling
Supports the differentiation of neuronal progenitors
Supports neuronal myelination
Influences neuronal calcium channel activity
Supports neuroendocrine signaling
Supports antioxidant defenses in the brain
Supports neuroprotective functions
Supports healthy immune function
Supports general immune health
Supports innate immunity
Supports adaptive immunity
Supports skin health
Supports skin antioxidant defenses
Supports skin in adapting to UV radiation
Supports collagen synthesis
Supports elastin synthesis
Supports a healthy mood
Supports positive affect
Supports healthy vascular function
Supports endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and NO production
Vitamin D3 :
Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. It is found in animal foods—fatty fish are a good source—where, because it is fat-soluble, it concentrates in fat. But a large amount of the body stores of vitamin D are not obtained from the diet; it is produced from skin exposure to sunlight. This is true for humans and animals. In addition to fatty fish, other animal foods such as dairy and eggs will have varying amounts of vitamin D depending on whether the food has been fortified with vitamin D (most milk has been) and whether the animal the product originated from had sufficient exposure to sunlight (or ate food that did). In addition to milk, some milk alternatives (such as beverages made from soy, almond, or oats), ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, orange juices, margarine and other food products can be fortified with vitamin D. Mushrooms can also be a good source of vitamin D, but again this will be dependent on their exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D is usually supplemented as either vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) or D3 (Cholecalciferol). Of the two, vitamin D3 is considered superior for supporting healthy vitamin D levels. Vitamin D is essential for general health, and is especially important for supporting the health of bones, the brain and nervous system, the heart, and the immune system.
Since much of the body stores of vitamin D are made from sunlight exposure, and the intensity of sunlight varies seasonally, especially in more northern locations, maintaining optimal vitamin D status throughout the year can be a challenge. A combination of a diet with insufficient vitamin D (estimated to occur in 95% of adults) and inadequate sun exposure exacerbates this challenge. Because of these challenges, many adults do not have adequate vitamin D status. To ensure against inadequacy, in the United States the recommended dietary allowance for adults is currently set at 600-800 IU/day, with the exact amount varying by age; however, a dose of 800 IU is considered 100% of the daily value (DV).
VITAMIN D3 KEY MECHANISMS
Supports brain function
Supports memory
Supports working memory
Supports cognitive health
Supports the expression of neurotrophic factors (NT-3, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, and NGF)
Supports neurogenesis
Supports neuronal structure
Supports brain antioxidant defenses and counters oxidative stress
Supports healthy neural immune signaling
Supports neuroprotective functions
Supports a healthy mood
Supports positive affect
Supports a calm/relaxed mood
Supports healthy immune function
Supports general immune health
Supports innate immunity
Supports adaptive immunity
Supports mucosal immunity
Supports immune tolerance
Supports immune balance
Supports healthy dendritic cell function
Supports healthy natural killer cell function
Supports healthy microglia function
Supports healthy T cell function
Supports healthy B cell function
Supports a healthy gut microbiota
Supports a healthy gut microbiota
Supports cardiometabolic health
Supports healthy cardiovascular function
Supports healthy insulin levels
Supports healthy glucose levels
Supports healthy aging and longevity
Supports balance during aging (i.e., may help reduce risk of falls)
Supports healthy bone function during aging
Supports healthy muscle function during aging
Supports healthspan extension (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Supports mitochondrial function
Supports Nrf2 function
Complementary ingredients :
Vitamin D is involved in intestinal absorption and homeostasis of minerals such as calcium and magnesium.
Vitamin K is potentially complementary to vitamin D.
Thiamine :
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is part of the B complex—a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cellular metabolism and energy production. It was the first of the B complex vitamins to be isolated, which is why it’s called B1. Thiamine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe compounds needed in a health system, because of its essential role in preventing thiamine deficiency disorders. The body concentrates thiamine in metabolically active tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys. But the body only stores a small amount of thiamine (about 20-30 mg), so it needs to be consumed consistently in the diet. Thiamine is involved in many cellular processes. It is essential for the metabolism of sugars, proteins, and fats, and is instrumental in several important processes needed to make cellular energy.
THIAMINE KEY MECHANISMS
Supports energy metabolism
Supports energy generation (ATP) from carbohydrate and sugar metabolism
Counter the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)
Supports healthy blood pressure
Supports healthy blood glucose levels
Supports healthy insulin sensitivity
Cofactor in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex :
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is required as a cofactor in the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex.
TPP is essential for the generation by the PDH complex of acetyl-CoA, used in the citric acid cycle to generate ATP.
TPP is essential for the generation by the PDH complex of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), required for the production of ATP.
Cofactor in the citric acid cycle :
TPP is required as a cofactor in the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction of the citric acid cycle (conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA). TPP is essential in propagating the citric acid cycle to generate ATP.
Cofactor in the pentose phosphate pathway :
TPP is required as a cofactor in the transketolase reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The PPP provides nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), used in several biochemical pathways such as in steroid, fatty acid, amino acid, neurotransmitter, and glutathione synthesis. The PPP provides ribose-5-phosphate, an essential building block in nucleic acids. Ribose-5-phosphate can enter the non-oxidative phase of the PPP where transketolase and TPP help transform ribose-5-phosphate back into glycolysis intermediates (such as glucose-6-phosphate).
Supports antioxidant defenses :
Participates in the synthesis of NADPH to be used in the recycling of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH).
Supports brain function :
Essential for the production by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of acetyl-CoA used for the production of acetylcholine. The alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction of the citric acid cycle reaction has a role in maintaining glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels.
Niacinamide :
Niacinamide (vitamin B3) is part of the B complex—a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cellular metabolism and energy production. It is called B3 because it was the third of the B complex vitamins to be discovered. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system, because of its ability to prevent pellagra, the vitamin B3 deficiency disease. Unlike the “flushing” niacin (nicotinic acid) form of vitamin B3, niacinamide does not cause flushing. Compounds with niacin activity are defined by their ability to contribute the nicotinamide (i.e., niacinamide) unit of an important molecule called NAD. NAD is found in every cell in the body. It's used to (1) make cellular energy (ATP), (2) protect cells from damage, and (3) activate processes linked to healthier aging. Research shows that as we age levels of some NAD metabolites (NAD+ as an example) decline substantially. This decline leaves us at greater risk for unhealthy aging because without sufficient NAD+ cells aren't able to do the work needed to perform at their best. Many healthy aging scientists and doctors believe maintaining higher levels of NAD+ is one of the keys to increasing the amount of time we spend in good health.
NIACINAMIDE KEY MECHANISMS
Precursor of NADH/NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) :
Supports breakdown of sugars and fats for energy
Supports mitochondrial production of ATP
NADH is part of complex I NADH/coenzyme Q reductase) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Precursor of NADPH/NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) :
NADPH is a key cofactor for cytochrome P450 enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics
NADPH is a cofactor for glutathione reductase, which maintains the levels of reduced glutathione - confers protection against oxidative stress
Essential for the functioning of a wide range of enzymes involved in redox reactions
Supports healthy aging and longevity :
Influences lifespan, senescence, cell proliferation, apoptosis
NAD+ is a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT-1 to SIRT-7), which promote healthspan
NAD+ is a substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1), which is involved in DNA repair and essential for genome stability
NAD+ supports mitochondrial function
NAD+ supports stem cell function
NAD+ extends lifespan (Caenorhabditis elegans and mice)
Supports healthy brain function :
Supports neuroprotective functions
Vitamin B6 :
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P) is the active form of (vitamin B6), which is part of the B complex—a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cellular metabolism and energy production. The term vitamin B6 refers to six forms—pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, and their phosphorylated forms. The P5P form is the bioactive form of vitamin B6: it requires less metabolic “work” to be used as coenzyme in vitamin B6-dependent enzyme reactions. The more common form of vitamin B6 used in dietary supplements, pyridoxine, must undergo metabolic transformation and requires ATP to be converted into P5P. P5P is a cofactor involved in over 4% of all enzymatic activities, including many metabolic pathways important for cellular energy generation. Major functions of P5P include metabolism of fats, sugars, and proteins, neurotransmitter synthesis, synthesis of the hemoglobin used in red blood cells, and increasing and decreasing the expression of certain genes.
PYRIDOXAL 5'-PHOSPHATE KEY MECHANISMS
Supports energy metabolism :
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P5P) is a cofactor in about 100 essential enzyme reactions, including enzymes of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism.
P5P is a cofactor in the kynurenine pathway; it is required for the synthesis of NAD+ from tryptophan.
Supports hemoglobin synthesis :
P5P is required as a cofactor in the synthesis of heme, an iron-containing molecule found in hemoglobin
Supports brain function :
Cofactor for the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of serotonin from 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and dopamine from L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)
Since dopamine is a precursor for noradrenaline, P5P is required for its synthesis
Since serotonin is a precursor for melatonin, P5P is required for its synthesis
Supports glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme - GAD catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate
Supports gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) enzyme - GABA-T catalyzes the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Participates in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters glycine, D-serine, and histamine
Supports the synthesis of neurotransmitters involved in memory, executive function, mood regulation, focus, motivation, and sleep regulation
May support aspects of dream recall (studies have been at doses ≥100 mg)
Supports healthy immune function :
Supports adaptive immunity
Supports immune system communication
Complementary ingredients :
Vitamin B12 and folic acid (vitamin B9) for cardiovascular support and homocysteine metabolism, brain support, mood, and for general well-being
L-tryptophan and melatonin for sleep support
Magnesium, other B-complex vitamins, and melatonin supplementation for sleep support
Vitamin B12 :
Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is unique among vitamins because it contains a metal ion, cobalt, from which the term cobalamin derived. Methylcobalamin is one of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 (the other is adenosylcobalamin). These are the forms used in enzymes in the human body. Methylcobalamin is used in only one enzyme, methionine synthase, which is required to make the purines and pyrimidines needed for DNA. Methionine synthase also links the folate cycle and the S-adenosylmethionine cycle, converting methyltetrahydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, and subsequently homocysteine into methionine (this acts to support healthy homocysteine levels). Methylcobalamin is a central player in a process called methylation or methyl donation. This process has wide spread interactions with metabolic function. As an example, methylation is one of the main ways the expression of genes is changed to match our genes to diet, lifestyle and environment. Methylcobalamin is thought to be the best form of vitamin B12 for supporting the vitamin B12-dependent enzymes that normally use this form of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is essential for the healthy function of nerves. In a general sense, methylcobalamin can be thought of as more of a nootropic form of vitamin B12; it’s been used extensively in research when vitamin B12 has been needed for supporting brain, nerve, and vision functions.
METHYLCOBALAMIN KEY MECHANISMS
Supports methionine synthase activity :
Methylcobalamin is required as a cofactor for the activity of the cytosolic enzyme methionine synthase
Methionine synthase transfers the methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate
Methionine is required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a methyl group donor used in many biological methylation reactions
Methionine synthase is essential for the methylation of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) for DNA synthesis and protein synthesis
Supports healthy cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function :
Supports healthy homocysteine levels (healthy cardiovascular function); complementary to vitamin B6 and folic acid (vitamin B9)
Supports healthy vision :
Supports accommodation (i.e., focusing of eyes) when using devices with screen
Supports retinal circadian rhythms
Supports healthy retinal function
Supports healthy optic nerve function
Supports retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
Supports normal activity of ciliary muscles of the lens
Supports healthy function of eye ocular surfaces and corneal nerve
Supports a healthy gut microbiome :
Supports healthy gut microbiome flora and function
Complementary ingredients :
Folate - Insufficient methylcobalamin slows the regeneration of tetrahydrofolate and traps folate in a form that is not usable by the body. This can often be corrected with higher doses of folate but can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, so vitamin B12 is almost always given when folates are supplemented.
Methyl Donors - Key methyl donor nutrients include trimethylglycine (betaine), folates, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and S-adenosylmethionine: One or more of these nutrients are often given together.
Vitamin B5 :
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is part of the B complex—a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cellular metabolism and energy production. It is an essential vitamin and the precursor of Coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule that is ubiquitous in the human body and that participates in the key metabolic pathways for cellular energy generation. CoA is also used in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and is therefore essential for proper nervous system function. Vitamin B5 supports healthy adrenal function, which is why it is sometimes described as an “anti-stress” vitamin.
CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE KEY MECHANISMS
Vitamin B5 is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)
Coenzyme A is a cofactor in several important cellular metabolic pathways
Coenzyme A has a key role in energy metabolism, especially the conversion of sugars and fats into energy
Coenzyme A is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Vitamin B5 supports healthy adrenal function
Acetyl-L-Carnitine :
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. The major difference between ALCAR and L-carnitine is that ALCAR more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, which is why it tends to be the preferred form for use in brain and nervous system support. The bioavailability of ALCAR is thought to be higher than that of L-carnitine. The name carnitine is derived from Latin “carnus” (flesh) because it was originally found in meat extracts. Adults eating animal products consume about 60–180 milligrams of carnitine per day [1]. Vegans get noticeably less (about 10–12 milligrams) [1], with vegetarians getting a bit more than vegans because of eating dairy products. The carnitine in ALCAR and L-carnitine supports the same functions. The most important role of carnitine is in mitochondrial fat metabolism—it is used to transport long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane for breakdown by mitochondrial β-oxidation. This transportation function allows fats and oils from our diet to be used for energy production and enhances mitochondrial potential to burn fat. Unlike L-carnitine, which does not contain an acetyl group, ALCAR can support acetylcholine synthesis, because the acetyl group in ALCAR can be delivered to coenzyme A to yield acetyl-CoA, which in turn can be used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetyl-CoA can also be used for cell energy production as it is the primary substrate for the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, essential for the production of ATP. Accordingly, ALCAR has been shown to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and support brain energy metabolism in several studies; it has also shown significant neuroprotective effects.
ACETYL-L-CARNITINE KEY MECHANISMS
Supports brain function and cognitive performance :
Supports learning and memory
Supports attention
Supports cognitive function
Supports mental energy and may help counter mental fatigue
Source of acetyl groups for acetylcholine synthesis
Supports cholinergic neurotransmission
Supports brain energy metabolism
Supports dopamine release
Supports noradrenaline levels
Supports serotonin levels
Supports synaptic plasticity
Supports neuronal membrane lipid/phospholipid metabolism
Supports hippocampal neurogenesis
Supports neuroprotective functions
Supports neural cytokine signaling
Supports mood :
Supports positive affect
Promotes physical strength and resistance :
Supports energy and may help counter fatigue
Supports muscle fuel metabolism
Supports mitochondrial function :
Supports mitochondrial function and structure
Supports mitochondrial biogenesis
Promotes healthy aging and longevity :
Supports cerebral metabolism during aging
Supports mitochondrial function during aging
Artichoke Leaf Extract :
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) is a native plant of the Mediterranean (North Africa and southern Europe) with well-known nutritional and health benefits. Artichoke leaves (called “bracts”) are a rich source of bioactive polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and cell protective effects—artichoke’s total antioxidant capacity is one of the highest reported for vegetables. Compounds found in artichoke include phenolic acids (caffeic, quinic acid, cynarin, and chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (luteolin, cynaroside, and sculomoside), and anthocyanidins (cyanidin, peonidin, and delphinidin). Artichoke extract has a long history of use for heart, metabolic, gastrointestinal, and liver health, with many of its functional benefits supported by clinical trials. While it has not been an area of research yet, artichoke has a reputation for supporting cognitive performance among neurohackers, especially in areas touching on mood, motivation, and memory.
ARTICHOKE EXTRACT KEY MECHANISMS
Supports healthy cardiovascular function :
Supports healthy vascular function
Supports endothelial cell function
Supports endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NO production
Supports healthy blood cholesterol levels
Supports blood flow
Supports antioxidant defenses
Supports healthy LDL particles (may help counter LDL oxidation)
Promotes healthy metabolic function :
Supports healthy blood glucose levels
Supports healthy insulin signaling
Other actions :
May support flow through the cAMP>Creb>BDNF pathway by influencing phosphodiesterase (PDE4) [luteolin] Supports liver structure and function
Complementary ingredients :
Artichoke Leaf Extract is often combined with Coleus forskohlii (a source of forskolin) by neurohackers.
Bacopa monnieri Leaf Extract :
Bacopa monnieri has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for almost 3000 years. One of its main traditional uses has been as a neural tonic to support intelligence, cognitive performance, nervous system rejuvenation, and brain function. These traditional uses have made it a favorite nootropic herb. Scientific studies on B. monnieri have focused primarily on cognitive function and mood. B. monnieri has also shown adaptogenic properties, supporting the brain and nervous system during stress. B. monnieri contains saponins called bacosides. These compounds, most notably bacosides A and B, are believed to underlie the plant’s nootropic reputation. B. monnieri also has strong antioxidant properties that may contribute to neuroprotective functions in the brain.
BACOPA MONNIERI KEY MECHANISMS
Supports brain function and cognition :
Supports learning and memory
Supports attention
Supports working memory
Supports executive function
Supports alertness
Supports cognitive health
Supports acetylcholine levels
Influences acetylcholinesterase activity
Supports choline acetyltransferase activity
Supports dopamine levels
Supports tryptophan hydroxylase activity
Supports serotonin levels
Supports GABAergic neurotransmission
Supports dendritic growth and branching
Supports healthy brain cytokine signaling
Supports neuroprotective functions
Counters neuronal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and oxidative stress
Supports neuronal antioxidant defenses
Supports neuronal mitochondrial function
Supports a healthy mood and stress response :
Supports a calm mood
Supports healthy stress responses and stress hormone levels
Regulates stress-induced changes in dopamine and serotonin levels
Supports positive affect
Supports vascular health :
Supports vascular function
Supports healthy cerebral blood flow
Rhodiola rosea Root Extract :
Rhodiola rosea is an adaptogenic herb with a long history of folk use in Russia, Scandinavia, Baltic countries, and Asia. Its traditional uses included being a tonic to help counter fatigue and enhance the capacity for mental and physical work performance. R. rosea grows in cold regions and in mountainous parts of Europe through Central Asia. This ability to adapt to extreme temperatures and environments may be part of the reason R. rosea was studied (and eventually categorized as an adaptogen) by Russian researchers. Decades of research support this adaptogenic categorization, with R. rosea supporting resistance to a variety of different types of stressors. R. rosea contains many biologically active substances; Its rosavins (rosavin, rosin, and rosarian) and salidroside are the major bioactive compounds for producing standardized extracts. Rhodiola rosea main uses are in helping with adaptation to physically and mentally fatiguing circumstances and supporting energy, alertness, concentration, mental stamina, and mood.
KEY MECHANISMS
Supports brain function and cognition :
Supports attention, capacity for mental work, and resistance to mental fatigue
Supports mental and physical performance during stress
Supports a healthy mood
Supports serotonin levels
Supports neuroplasticity and neurogenesis
Supports neuroprotective functions
Supports healthy levels of stress hormones and other stress response mediators
Supports β-endorphin signaling
Influences monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B
Influences acetylcholinesterase
Promotes physical stamina :
Supports resistance to physical fatigue
Supports endurance performance
Supports exercise-induced antioxidant defenses
Promotes healthy aging and longevity :
Supports mitochondrial function
Supports antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], glutathione reductase [GR])
Supports glutathione and thioredoxin levels
Extends lifespan (Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans)
Complementary ingredients :
Ginkgo biloba for cognitive function
Saffron for mood support
DL-Phenylalanine :
DL-phenylalanine (DLPA) is a mixture of two forms of the essential amino acid phenylalanine, the naturally occurring L-phenylalanine and the synthetic D-phenylalanine. These two forms are stereoisomers, meaning they have the same chemical formula and a similar structure that differs only in the orientations of their atoms—they are mirror images of each other. DLPA delivers both forms to our body, allowing it to take advantage of the specific benefits of each form. L-phenylalanine is a precursor, via L-tyrosine, for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. L-phenylalanine is also the precursor for the synthesis of phenylethylamine, a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator popularly known as the “love drug.” Via dopamine and phenylethylamine production, L-phenylalanine has an important role in the support of mood. D-phenylalanine may influence molecules and enzymes involved in the neural encoding of information used to sense and avoid potentially tissue-damaging stimuli.
DL-PHENYLALANINE KEY MECHANISMS
Supports brain function :
Precursor (via L-tyrosine) for dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline synthesis
Precursor for phenylethylamine synthesis
Influences acetylcholinesterase activity
Influences brain ATPase activity
Influences glutamatergic neurotransmission
Supports nociceptive functions :
Supports neural encoding of sensory information
Influences Enkephalinase activity [D-phenylalanine]
Supports healthy mood :
Supports positive affect
Supports mood stability
Uridine 5' -Monophosphate :
Uridine is one of the 5 standard nucleosides; the others are adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and thymidine. These compounds are the building blocks of the main information carrier molecules in the body (DNA and RNA), and play a central role in cellular metabolism. ATP—the “A” standing for adenosine—is known for its role in carrying packets of chemical energy needed for cellular functions. Uridine plays a similar role in two non-ATP high-energy molecules used in a subset of metabolic reactions. Uridine is needed for UTP (made from uridine instead of adenosine) as an activator of substrates in some specific metabolic reactions. Uridine can also be converted into cytidine and support CTP. In this role, it is used for the synthesis of the glycerophospholipids (including phosphatidylcholine in the Kennedy pathway) needed for healthy cell membranes throughout the body and in the brain. And uridine may support different neuroregulatory processes and neurotransmitters. Uridine also crosses the blood-brain barrier. These structural and functional roles have led to it being used as a nootropic. Uridine is considered to be one of the natural sleep-promoting substances made by the brain, acting via uridine receptors in the areas of the brain which regulate natural sleep.
URIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE KEY MECHANISMS
Supports brain function
Supports memory
Supports brain membrane glycerophospholipids
Supports the Kennedy (or CDP-choline) pathway, which has a central role in choline homeostasis
Supports phosphatidylcholine synthesis
Supports acetylcholine synthesis
Supports cytidine levels and brain CDP-choline
Supports activity of GABA receptors
Supports GABAergic neurotransmission
Supports dopamine release
May activate purinergic receptors
Supports neurite outgrowth
Supports sleep
Considered an endogenous sleep-promoting substance
Supports slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep
Other actions
Supports cardioprotective functions
Supports stem cell function
Complementary ingredients
DHA in supporting memory and in upregulating dendritic spine density, synaptic protein levels, and phospholipids in the brain