The most important bio-foundational molecule in the world for longevity.
“Carbon 60” (C60) is a naturally-occurring, nano-size, molecular form of Carbon. It is found in Deep Space, as well as in the Earth’s environment, forming spontaneously from carbon atoms under certain conditions. Lightning strikes, volcanos, meteors and soot from candle burning are all sources of spontaneous, naturally-occurring C60 on our planet. Along with Hydrogen and Oxygen, Carbon is one of the 3 foundational “biogenic” elements of all living organisms.
More than simply a “nano sphere” of carbon, C60’s unique molecular arrangement of 60 carbon atoms, in the form of a truncated Icosahedron with Golden Mean (“Phi”) ratio, classifies it as a distinct “allotrope” of Carbon. It is this distinct molecular arrangement of carbon atoms that gives C60 its extraordinary physical, chemical, electromagnetic and quantum properties. And it is the synergistic combination of all 4 of these properties that have been shown to exert profoundly regenerative and regulatory effects in biological systems.
Unlike many engineered nanoparticles which can be toxic, C60, being a form of elemental Carbon, is different. Due to the fact that living organisms, being carbon-based, have evolved alongside this molecule, they have developed ways of utilizing it, exploiting it and biodegrading it with little to no toxicity.
Hence, in its pure form, it does not have the risk of accumulating in tissues and organs the way other engineered nano-size particles of other elements can. Unfortunately, the large-scale production methods developed to produce C60 for research and industrial purposes over the past 30 years have relied on methods that unavoidably introduce impurities, solvent residues, and defects into the final product.
These C60’s are neither consistently nor uniformly non-toxic, a fact which is reflected in the adverse outcomes of many biological studies that have used these C60’s to examine their effects in living organisms. On the occasions where exceptionally pure and pristine molecules of C60 can be obtained and utilized (i.e., the C60 molecules akin to those found in nature, unaltered in their size, shape and surface charge), the C60 molecule’s protective and rejuvenative effects in living organisms are astonishing.
Research in the field of biomolecular and nanotechnology has repeatedly shown that when it comes to nano-size molecules, it is the purity, size, shape and surface charge of those molecules that determine their biological effects. These features take on even greater significance when factoring in a nano-size molecule’s quantum effect, as ALL subcellular biomolecular processes occur thru electromagnetic fields before they are translated into chemical reactions. Greska’s C-60’s completely solvent-free production method, from start to finish, has achieved just that: C60 as nature intended it.
C60 Electrons for Cellular Voltage
Life can be described as the “flow of electrons”, and living organisms depend on a constant supply of electrons to generate ATP, the body’s energy currency. A deficiency or stoppage in the flow of electrons ultimately results in cellular degeneration and death. Although living organisms have many sources for acquiring electrons, the toxicities and stresses of modern living create situations where we lose more electrons than we gain.
See Jerry Tennant MD’s work, Healing is Voltage, 2010
Source : https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Voltage-Handbook-Jerry-Tennant/dp/1453649166
A deficiency of electrons results in low cellular voltage (similar to a low battery), a low pH, and a low Oxygen level within the cell, all of which creates an energetic crisis. Initially this is experienced as fatigue, chronic pain, and increased susceptibility to infections. Once enough cells have been compromised, degeneration and malfunctions of various organs and issues begin to manifest.
Fortunately, there are many strategies nowadays to bring electrons back into the body and restore cellular voltage. C60 is a very rich source of electrons. With Carbon (graphite) being the most cathodic element on the Galvanic Table, C60 generates an abundance of electrons when in the presence of any anodic element, the most anodic being Magnesium.
An abundance of electrons can then raise the pH of a cell, increasing its voltage, similar to the way a battery is charged. The higher the pH of a cell, the more oxygen it is able to absorb. With more oxygen present, the cell is then able to produce ATP thru oxidative phosphorylation, as opposed to the primitive and inefficient “default” pathway of “glycolysis” (i.e., fermentation) when oxygen is not present. Cells that have reverted to producing ATP thru glycolysis generate very little ATP and high amounts of Lactic Acid. This is akin to a poorly running car that uses a lot of gas, but has poor gas mileage and produces high amounts of exhaust in the process. This low ATP, low oxygen, high acid environment is polluting to the cell. Pain, fatigue, brain fog, fungal and other microbial infections are hallmarks of toxicity on a cellular level. When cellular voltage and pH is restored, oxygen becomes available, energy production improves, nutrients flow in and waste flows out, and the cell has the right conditions to begin healing itself.
The Quantum Effect of C60
A single C60 molecule is approximately 1 nanometer in size. Molecules in the nanoscale size range are exceptionally powerful in biological systems due to their ability to disperse widely throughout the body, more or less uninhibited, right down to the subcellular level. Their smallness of size also dramatically increases their surface-to-volume ratio, offering more reaction sites and thus, more reactivity. But perhaps the most unique characteristic of nano-size molecules is that pertaining to their “quantum” effect. Molecules on the nanoscale have what is known as “wave-particle duality”, which means they have both physical properties and vibrational properties. This is significant, as ALL molecular biology takes place on the nanoscale, with information traveling first as a wave form, or “vibrational frequency”, and secondly as a physiochemical reaction. This is also why the 3D shape and size of a nano molecule is critical.
Perhaps one of the most intriguing and compelling theories for C60’s beneficial effects in biological systems is the quantum effect of its vibrational frequency. As an Icosahedron and one of Nature’s 5 Platonic Solids incorporating the Golden Mean Ratio (aka “Phi)”, the electromagnetic frequency of C60’s vibration has a highly resonant and harmonizing effect on living systems. Such vibrations from solids incorporating the Golden Mean Ratio, particularly those with the 5-fold and 6-fold symmetry of pentagons and hexagons, impart an “ordering” effect on adjacent water molecules, and induce “coherence”. Of the 5 Platonic Solids, it is not entirely coincidental that the Icosahedron represents the earth element Water.
As living organisms are mostly water, and most cellular signaling occurs thru the medium of Water, this “coherence” allows the body’s physiological processes to unfold with the timing, order and precision needed for optimal DNA expression, repair, transcription, protein unfolding, cell division and apoptosis. In fact, nowadays, one criterion used to evaluate any solid nanomaterial being considered for biological implantation is its 3D structure and geometry. Not coincidentally, research in the field of bio-nanotechnology has shown that molecules incorporating the Golden Mean Ratio in their structure, such as C60, are exceptionally biocompatible within living systems.
The fact that the C60 molecule bears the same pentagonal and hexagonal structure as the body’s transporter protein known as “clathrin” is of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industry as well. With its shape and symmetry quite literally a “carbon copy” of this innate, self-assembling biomolecule, C60 is very attractive candidate for targeted drug delivery.
C60 Antioxidant Potential
The most touted beneficial property of Carbon 60 in biological systems is its ability to attenuate oxidative stress, especially at the level of the mitochondria, where the majority of “free radicals” ROS, aka Reactive Oxygen Species) are generated during the production of ATP.
Free radicals are molecules in your body, missing an electron. These electron-deficient molecules do not work properly and impair healthy bodily functions by stealing electrons from neighboring healthy cells.
Greska’s Carbon-60 provide electrons that stimulate an antioxidant response within your cells to stabilize damaging free radicals and neutralize toxins, halting the damaging chain reaction of oxidative stress.
These C60 molecules are small enough to pass thru cellular membranes to work at the mitochondrial level.
This unique ability allows mitigation of damage from the ROS cascade right at their source… reducing an organism’s overall burden of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions.
More significantly, Carbon-60 is a more “intelligent” antioxidant than excessive amounts of vitamins C or E, in that C60 maintains a healthy “redox balance” thru “charge disproportionation” (aka “dismutation” thru the delocalized electrons in its lattice structure. In this way, Carbon 60 performs better as an antioxidant due to its ability to optimize a cell’s “redox” reactions.
Although purely theoretical at this time, a number of computational studies suggest C60’s antioxidant effect may be due to the molecule’s ability to act as a mild “mitochondrial uncoupler.” This theory proposes that C60 can acquire a positive charge by becoming protonated with Hydrogen (H+) ions, enabling it to translocate across the mitochondrial membrane, favorably affecting the transmembrane potential, reducing the leakage of electrons along the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), and ultimately minimizing the production of ROS.
Alternatively, several in-vitro studies, as well as live mouse studies, have demonstrated the ability of a carboxylated derivative of C60 to act as a Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) mimetic, catalyzing the highly reactive Superoxide radical to the less toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or molecular oxygen (O2). More recent studies have shown that C60 may be a mild cellular stressor (much like resveratrol, curcumin, and green tea polyphenols), exerting its beneficial effects by activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.
Mitochondrial Activity
According to our model fullerene C60 accumulating in mitochondria provides high radical scavenging activity in this subcellular compartment, called by Skulachev the “dirtiest place in the cell”. Another effective antioxidant mechanism is based on mild uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. Respiratory chain obtains electrons from NADH and succinate. They are used for harmless four-electron reduction of oxygen. But the transfer of one or two electrons could produce the radicals that are dangerous to cells (such as superoxide or peroxide anions).
The proposed ability of C60 fullerenes to acquire positive charge allows ascribing them to the mitochondrial-targeted compounds. The key role of mitochondria in the cellular regulation makes such “charge-loaded” fullerenes be of great interest along the route for novel classes of drugs development.
The Research & Science of Carbon 60
The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60]fullerene :
Abstract = Countless studies showed that [60]fullerene (C(60)) and derivatives could have many potential biomedical applications. However, while several independent research groups showed that C(60) has no acute or sub-acute toxicity in various experimental models, more than 25 years after its discovery the in vivo fate and the chronic effects of this fullerene remain unknown. If the potential of C(60) and derivatives in the biomedical field have to be fulfilled these issues must be addressed. Here we show that oral administration of C(60) dissolved in olive oil (0.8 mg/ml) at reiterated doses (1.7 mg/kg of body weight) to rats not only does not entail chronic toxicity but it almost doubles their lifespan. The effects of C(60)-olive oil solutions in an experimental model of CCl(4) intoxication in rat strongly suggest that the effect on lifespan is mainly due to the attenuation of age-associated increases in oxidative stress. Pharmacokinetic studies show that dissolved C(60) is absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract and eliminated in a few tens of hours. These results of importance in the fields of medicine and toxicology should open the way for the many possible -and waited for- biomedical applications of C(60) including cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disorders, and ageing.
Source = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816026/
Possible Mechanisms of Fullerene C60 Antioxidant Action :
Abstract = Novel mechanism of antioxidant activity of buckminsterfullerene C60 based on protons absorbing and mild uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation was postulated. In the present study we confirm this hypothesis using computer modeling based on Density Functional Theory. Fullerene's geroprotective activity is sufficiently higher than those of the most powerful reactive oxygen species scavengers. We propose here that C60 has an ability to acquire positive charge by absorbing inside several protons and this complex could penetrate into mitochondria. Such a process allows for mild uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. This, in turn, leads to the decrease in ROS production.
We propose that there is an additional mechanism involved in fullerene anti-aging activity. Respiratory chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane is the main source of superoxide anion radicals, which lead to a cascade of other toxic ROS. In this connection mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants like lipophilic cations (Skulachev ions) with antioxidant load are the most effective antiaging agents (geroprotectors) among synthetic compounds.
Accumulation of Skulachev ions in the mitochondria is based on the transmembrane potential difference generated as a result of electron transport chain activity. The outer side of inner membrane of mitochondria has positive charge and the inner side has negative charge. So, lipophilic cations are concentrating in mitochondria via electric field forces. The lipophilic properties of fullerene C60 are well known. In addition, Wong-Ekkabut et al. showed using molecular dynamics simulations that C60 fullerene is capable of penetrating into membrane and accumulates in the middle of lipid bilayer. However, the simulation does not consider the possible presence of fullerene and/or membrane charge. We suppose that fullerene is capable of absorbing protons and obtaining positive charge, which allows it to be delivered into the mitochondria. Thus, superoxide anion-radical generation is decreased by mild uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. In the present study we perform theoretical analysis of the fullerene C60 ability to acquire positive charge and to absorb protons to prove that the proposed mechanism indeed may take place.
Simulations allowed us to propose the following mechanism. C60 fullerene molecules enter the space between inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, where the excess of protons has been formed by diffusion. In this compartment fullerenes are loaded with protons and acquire positive charge distributed over their surface. Such “charge-loaded” particles can be transferred through the inner membrane of the mitochondria due to the potential difference generated by the inner membrane, using electrochemical mechanism described in detail by Skulachev et al. In this case the transmembrane potential is reduced, which in turn significantly reduces the intensity of superoxide anion-radical production.
Source = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816026/
Carbon 60 Enhances Immune Function :
Abstract = These results suggest that the polyhydroxylated fullerene derivative C(60)(OH)(24) protects against ionizing-radiation-induced mortality, possibly by enhancing immune function, decreasing oxidative damage and improving mitochondrial function. Read More.
Carbon 60 as novel treatment agent in Dermatology :
Abstract = Novel treatment agents with the ability to scavenge or generate radicals can potentially be meaningful in the treatment of various skin diseases, especially for those diseases that have limited effective treatment options. This viewpoint essay will discuss the potential of fullerene C60, i.e. buckminsterfullerene, derivatives as novel treatment agents in dermatology. Read More.
Anti-Influenza Activity of Carbon 60 :
Abstract = The activity of nanocarbon fullerene lipidosome (NCFL) against influenza virus H1N1 in vitro was studied. There was a dose-activity relationship between the dosages of NCFL and the direct killing effect against the influenza virus, and the periods of lighting-time could influence the activity partly. It was concluded that NCFL had a significant activity of directly killing the influenza virus. Read More.
Abstract = In a cell culture system, we found that several fullerene derivatives inhibit influenza A viral infection and the expression of influenza A nucleoprotein and nonstructural protein 1. These results indicate that fullerene derivatives are possible candidates for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs. Read More.
Anti-Influenza Activity of C60 Inhibit Viruses :
Abstract = Fullerenes (C60) and their derivatives have potential antiviral activity, which has strong implications on the treatment of HIV-infection. The antiviral activity of fullerene derivatives is based on several biological properties including their unique molecular architecture and antioxidant activity. Read More.
Carbon 60 Knocks Out Viruses :
Abstract = Scientists from the Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology and the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS in collaboration with researchers from four other Russian and foreign research centers have discovered a new reaction that helps obtain water-soluble fullerene derivatives which effectively combat flu viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Read More
C60 Inhibits Viruses :
Abstract = Results of previous studies point to the great dependance of fullerenes activity upon quality, quantity and geometry of substituents in fullerene derivatives. Some of fullerene derivatives show antiviral and antimicrobial activity, including anti-HIV properties. C60 and its derivatives are able to exhibit cytotoxic and enzyme-inhibiting abilities as well as radical-quenching and antioxidative abilities. Generation of reactive oxygen species under influence of visible light is another ability of fullerene derivetives desired in photodynamic therapy. Read More.
Carbon 60 Inhibits Influenza A :
Abstract = Furthermore, carboxyfullerene was able to directly inhibit in vitro growth of S. pyogenes. These data suggest that carboxyfullerene can be considered an antimicrobial agent for group A streptococcus infection. Read More
C60 Effective against wrinkles :
Abstract: To experimentally prove the effectiveness of fullerene/squalane, an 8-week double-blind clinical test was conducted on 23 female volunteers aged between 30 and 40 years according to the Japanese guidelines for the evaluation of antiwrinkle creams…Thus, fullerene/squalane can be used for antiwrinkle treatment, and fullerene may be useful for care after antiwrinkle LASER treatment. READ MORE
Anti-Aging Effects of C60 :
Abstract = Here we review fullerenes biological effects focusing on their antioxidant and anti-ageing action. A scope of various poisonous and healing properties reported in literature for fullerene and its derivatives is analyzed. Read More
Carbon 60 Can Prevent UV Damage :
Abstract = C60 was not detected in the dermis by HPLC, suggesting no necessity for considering a toxicity of C60 due to systemic circulation via dermal veins. Thus Lpsm-Flln has a potential to be safely utilized as a cosmetic anti-oxidative ingredient for UVA-protection. READ MORE
C60 prevents Degeneration of Articular Cartilage in Osteoarthritis :
Abstract = In rabbits with OA, treatment with water-soluble C60 significantly reduced articular cartilage degeneration, whereas control knee joints showed progression of cartilage degeneration with time. This inhibitory effect was dose-dependent, and was superior to that of HA. Combined treatment with C60 and HA yielded a significant reduction in cartilage degeneration compared with either treatment alone. Conclusion: The results indicate that C60 fullerene is a potential therapeutic agent for the protection of articular cartilage against the progression of OA. READ MORE
Carbon 60 Suppress Inflammatory Response :
Abstract = Fullerene has been characterized as a “free radical sponge”, with an anti-oxidative efficacy of several hundred-fold higher than conventional antioxidant. Fullerene and its derivatives were found to be in many biological applications: inhibition of nitric oxide formation by suppressing nitric oxide synthase, prevention of ischemia-induced injuries in brain, inactivation of viruses and prevention of quartz-induced neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs. Furthermore, a Japanese group showed that a water-soluble fullerene prevented the development of cartilage degeneration and arthritis with no detectable toxicity when intraarticularly injected into rabbits of an osteoarthritis model. READ MORE
Carbon 60 effect on Blood Cells :
